Optimizing nanoparticle attributes for enhanced anti-wear performance in nano-lubricants

Journal of Engineering and Applied Science

Table 1 Literature review

Sr. No	Base liquid lubricant	Nanoparticle material	Size (nm)	Nanoparticle concentrations (wt.%)	Optimum concentration (wt.%)	Reference
1	Mineral oil	Al₂O₃/SiO₂	70	0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0	0.5	[19]
2	Pristine lubricating oil	Al₂O₃, TiO₂, Al₂O₃/TiO₂	75	0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0	0.1	[20]
3	Lubricant oil	ZnAl₂O₄	95	0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0	0.1	[21]
4	SN 650 oils	Cu	10–15	0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.175, 0.5, and 1.0	0.15	[22]
5	Distilled water	Cu/SiO₂	20	0,0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0	1.0	[23]
6	Diesel engine oil (grade: 50 CC)	Serpentine	1.0 μm	0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0	1.5	[24]
7	Fluoro silicone oil	LaF₃	10–30	0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1	0.08	[41]
8	EOT5# engine oil	SiO₂/MoS₂	30	0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0	1.0	[25]
9	Multialkylated cyclopentanes (MACs)	Mo and W	20–50, 30–60	0.1, 0.5, and 1.0	0.5	[26]
10	Castor oil	TiO₂		0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3	0.2	[27]
11	Mineral oil	Al₂O₃	78	0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0	0.1	[28]
12	Rapeseed oil	TiO₂	20	0 to 4.0	0.25	[29]
13	Paraffin oil	TiO₂	40	0.1 to 1.0	0.25	[30]
14	Engine oil	TiO₂	10–25	0.3, 0.4, and 0.5	0.4	[31]
15	PAO oil	Nanodiamond	4–5	0.01, 0.015	0.01	[32]
16	5W-30	Cu and Gr	10–20	0.03, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6	0.3	[33]
17	Engine oil	Al₂O₃ and TiO₂	8–12	0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5	0.25	[34]
18	10 W-30	TiO₂	-	0.01, 0.25, 0.05, 0.075	0.075	[15]
19	Shorea Robusta oil	CuO	40	0.25, 0.5, 1.0	0.5	[35]
20	Madhuca indica oil	SiO₂	35	0.4, 0.8, 1.2	0.8	[36]
21	Engine oil	MoS₂	53	0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1	0.01	[37]
22	PAO oil	Field’s alloy nanoparticles	20	0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1	0.08	[42]
23	PAOs	MWCNTs	20–30	0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.10, and 0.15	0.075	[43]