Table 4 Finally selected nine challenges

CHL-1

Poor IT infrastructure

Varghese and Tandur, 2014 [54]; Zhou et al. 2016 [55]

Inadequate data and technology infrastructure hinders industrial firms' efforts to adopt Industry 4.0

CHL-2

High capital investment

Zhou et al. 2016 [55]; Koch et al. 2014 [56]

Industry 4.0 implementation process needs a huge initial capital investment

CHL-3

Security risk of data

Gölzer et al. 2015 [57]; Constantine, 2014; Zhou et al. 2016 [58]

Inadequate data protection measures in place during Industry 4.0 rollout for steel producers due to lack of security systems

CHL-4

Risk of Job loss

Zhou et al. 2016 [55]; Waibel et al. 2017 [20]; Zezulka et al. 2016 [59]

Industry 4.0 implementation process requires a huge replacement of human with autonomous robot and automation which may leave some workers jobless

CHL-5

Insufficient strategy towards Industry 4.0

Deloitte, 2015 [14]; Zhou et al. 2016 [55]

The manufacturing sector is slow to adopt Industry 4.0 due to a lack of a solid and dynamic strategic plan for doing so

CHL-6

Lack of knowledge about Industry 4.0

M. A. Islam et al. 2018 [60]

Many working people including managers still do not have knowledge about Industry 4.0

CHL-7

Lack of government support

M. A. Islam et al. 2018 [60]

Lack of governmental policy to implement Industry 4.0 throughout the country

CHL-8

Lack of skilled management team

Hecklau et al. 2016 [61]; Deloitte, 2015 [14]

Inability to field a management team with the necessary expertise to develop and carry out the implementation of Industry 4.0's newly conceived and pioneering production and business models

CHL-9

Difficulty in reconfiguration of production pattern

Lee et al. 2015 [19]; Lu, 2017; Qin et al., 2016 [62]; Sanders et al. 2016 [63]

Industrial firms lack the experience and resources to adopt Industry 4.0, hindering the transformation