Table 2 Average current installation of elements of Industry 4.0 in four industries

Robotics

70%

60%

65%

65%

65.00%

 ➢ Robotic arm application

 ➢ Robots in steel melting and processing

 ➢ Robots in material handling

Cyber-physical system (CPS)

75%

80%

70%

70%

73.75%

 ➢ Combination and coordination between physical and computational elements

 ➢ Computer-based algorithms

 ➢ Digital and smart embedded system

Cloud technologies

85%

60%

60%

70%

68.75%

 ➢ Remote database

 ➢ Online servers

 ➢ Storage, backup, and data retrieval

Simulation

75%

50%

65%

60%

62.50%

 ➢ Modelling and evaluation tool

 ➢ Designs of complex systems

 ➢ Reliable estimates of system’s performance

Big data analysis and artificial intelligence (AI)

20%

30%

15%

20%

21.25%

 ➢ Ability to analyze large amounts of data

 ➢ Automatic learning systems

 ➢ Intelligent computer systems

Industrial Internet of things (IIoT)

25%

50%

45%

30%

37.50%

 ➢ High-speed internet

 ➢ Building a trusted cyber-physical communication [7]

 ➢ Enables all data online instantly

Cyber security

40%

50%

45%

40%

43.75%

 ➢ cyber-attacks, system vulnerabilities

 ➢ cyber threats, risks, and countermeasures

 ➢ Transfer data from and to unauthorized devices

Sensors and actuators

80%

80%

85%

80%

81.25%

 ➢ Different parameter sensors

 ➢ Automatic feedback system

 ➢ Fast actuator action

Augmented Reality (AR)

0%

0%

0%

0%

0.00%

 ➢ Supporting technicians in their real working environment

 ➢ Visualize step-by-step procedures of the task

 ➢ Real-time remote assistance systems

Radio frequency identification (RFID)

15%

10%

15%

10%

12.50%

 ➢ Product tracking with RFID

 ➢ Asset management and Tracking

 ➢ Personnel tracking

Horizontal and vertical integration

5%

25%

35%

20%

21.25%

 ➢ Integration among different departments within the industry

 ➢ Coordination with other companies/competitors

Additive manufacturing (3D printing)

0%

0%

0%

0%

0.00%

 ➢ Complex design solutions by 3D printing