Table 1 Conventional characteristics of asphalt binder, aggregate, and BGCG

Asphalt binder

 Softening point

ASTMD36-12

°C

49.5

45–52

 Ductility at 25 °C

ASTM D113-07

cm

114

˃100

 Penetration

ASTMD5-13

dmm

87

80–100

 Mass loss

ASTM D2872

%

0.03

-

 Specific gravity

ASTMD70-18

-

1.022

1.0–1.05

Fine aggregate

 Flat and elongated tests

ASTM D 4791

%

18.2

 Bulk specific gravity

ASTM C 128

g/cm³

2.54

 Absorption

ASTM C 127

%

1.19

 < 2

Coarse aggregate

 Flakiness

BS 812 Part 105.1

%

9.2

 < 20

 Absorption

ASTM C 127

%

0.58

 < 2

 Bulk specific gravity

ASTM C 127

g/cm³

2.83

 Aggregate crushing value

BS 812- 110

%

20.05

 < 30

 Abrasion loss

ASTM C 131

%

22.68

 Elongation

BS 812 Part 105.2

%

12.48

 < 20

Biochar-based geopolymer composites

 Color

Dusky gray

 Moisture content

ASTM D2216-71

%

1.04

 Specific surface area

ASTM C1274—12

m²/g

1.1027

-

 Specific gravity

ASTM C188-17

g/m³

2.62

-

 Loss on ignition (LOI)

ASTM C311-17

%

9.87

-