Table 2 Comparison of cooling methods for thermal management

Chuanwei et al. [35]

HP and thermoelectric cooler (TEC)

The amalgamation of HP and TEC displayed that the battery’s surface temperature was reduced.

To obtain the optimum performance, design guidance is necessary.

Weixiong et al. [36]

Heat pip-assisted PCM

The efficiency obtained after increasing velocity was undesirable when the higher temperature endures diminishing at a low rate.

TM with energy allocation was still essential in the integrated thermal system.

Jiaqiang et al. [37]

Liquid cooling

The number of pipes is efficient for cooling the plate.

An intelligent battery thermal system’s growth was less realistic.

Lie et al. [38]

Liquid cooling

The location of the inlet and outlet and flow direction have a superior effect on cell temperature distribution.

Pump energy consumption was not reduced as expected.

Nandy et al. [39]

Electric motor

The minimum value was attained at \({0.28}^{^\circ }\) C/W at the heat load of 150 W.

HP’s usage on the motor housing’s outer surface was inefficient.

Yongxin et al. [40]

Liquid cooling

Numerical analysis stamped that the maximum temperature \({T}_{max}\) and change in temperature \(\Delta T\) reduced as \(\alpha\) increased. Higher alpha enhances the HT between the battery cell and the heat conduction region.

The liquid-cooled system’s guidelines for lightweight design were not mentioned properly.

Amin et al. [41]

Heat sink

PCM increases the system usage time and the time was increased further under passive cooling conditions.

Performance could be better if active and passive cooling is preferred.