Table 3 The experimental setup and parameters [49, 75, 76]
From: Laser drilling: reviewing the effect of purging system and formation parameters
Laser parameters | Laser type | Nd: YAG (wave length: 1064 nm) |
Mode | Pulsed (square pulse) | |
Mean power/frequency | 400 W/1–1000 Hz (30 Hz used) | |
Pulse energy/duration | 0–40 J/0.2–20 ms (2 ms used) | |
Purging system | Purging system/gas/pressure | Gas nozzle/nitrogen/3 bar |
Nozzle size and orientation | 1 mm—co-axial | |
Sample | Sample type, composition, and porosity (%) | Granite: 73.98% quartz, 26.02% dickite, 2.1% Limestone: 100% calcite (CaCO3), 5.95% |
Shape (dimensions) | Cylindrical (diameter: 54 mm—length: 50 mm) | |
Specific gravity of oil | 0.92 gr/cc |