Table 4 Comparison of the average Nusselt number for Ra = 105 and φ = 0.05 in the current study and [35]

Aspect ratio

Nu (present study)

Nu (Ma et al. [35])

Percentage of error \(\left|\frac{\boldsymbol N{\boldsymbol u}_{\boldsymbol p\boldsymbol r\boldsymbol e\boldsymbol s\boldsymbol e\boldsymbol n\boldsymbol t}\boldsymbol-\boldsymbol N{\boldsymbol u}_{\boldsymbol l\boldsymbol i\boldsymbol t\boldsymbol t\boldsymbol e\boldsymbol r\boldsymbol a\boldsymbol t\boldsymbol u\boldsymbol r\boldsymbol e}}{\boldsymbol N{\boldsymbol u}_{\boldsymbol p\boldsymbol r\boldsymbol e\boldsymbol s\boldsymbol e\boldsymbol n\boldsymbol t}}\right|\boldsymbol\times\mathbf{100}\)