Table 3 Manual control (baseline) versus optimal control
From: Optimal control of a grid-connected photovoltaic agricultural water pumping system
Summary of findings | ||
|---|---|---|
Manual control | Optimal control | |
Amount of water pumped | 55,000 l | 57,000 l |
PV energy utilized | 23.4 kWh | 40 kWh |
PV energy wasted | 45.8 kWh | 29.2 kWh |
Grid energy utilized | 27.15 kWh | 12.5 kWh |
Total energy consumed | 50.55 kWh | 52.5 kWh |
Total energy cost | US $4.34 | US $2 |
Energy cost per m\(^3\) | US $7.89 cents | US $3.5 cents |