Table 5 Parameters and indicators for bringing CE through governance capacity & institutional & regulatory framework

Governance Capacity

• Subsidies and Tax relaxation for CE strategies

• Financial Incentives

• Carbon taxes and Landfill bans

• Demolition taxes, tax raise on use of virgin materials

• Landfill Tipping fees & disposal tax

• Increased taxes on the use of foreign prefabricated components

• Funds and incentives for Retrofit of existing constructions

• Availability of demolition fund

[5, 10, 17, 19, 20, 32, 40, 50, 61, 73, 77, 78, 82]

Institutional & Regulatory Frameworks

• Flexibility in existing building codes and regulations

• Incorporation of CE in building codes

• Carbon taxes and Landfill bans

• Effective C&DWM Regulations

• National & Regional level CE Action Plans

• Policies related to C&DW disposal in public landfills

[17, 31, 50, 68, 78, 81, 83,84,85]