Table 2 Parameters and indicators identified for bringing CE in building life cycle stages
Parameters | Indicators | References |
|---|---|---|
Predesign/ Design Stage | • Modular/Prefabricated Buildings • Adaptive Reuse • Building Material/Components Stock at their end of life • CE inclusion in Tenders • Use of BIM Tools • Environmental Product Declaration • Design out Waste • Simple Open Planning • Designing in Layers • CE Consultant • Green Design Methods • Design for Ease of Maintenance & Repair | [3,4,5, 7, 16,17,18, 21, 23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33, 37, 41,42,43,44, 46, 49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56] |
Manufacturing Stage | • Durability/Longevity • Design for Remanufacture • Circular Supply Chain • GHG Emissions • Efficient use of water resources • Use of Renewable Energy Sources • Circular Labels by Professional Bodies • Reversible Connections • Repeated Structural Grid with regular dimensions • Developed Transport Systems • Matching of Supply and Demand of Reused/Recycled Materials • Dematerialization • Innovative Production Process • Design Networks • Green building Procurement • Less use of Packaging | [3,4,5,6, 11, 17,18,19, 26, 27, 29,30,31,32,33, 39, 40, 44, 48,49,50, 57,58,59,60,61,62] |
Construction Stage | • Reuse of materials in new construction • Building Construction Methods • Smart Construction Technique • Circular Procurement of Materials & Components • Use of skilled local workforce • Fixing and Material Technology as per CE • Use of Nuts and Bolts • Mobile Partition Walls • Use of isolated or Pile Foundation • Green Construction work • Increase in performance of building materials • Offsite construction • Lean Construction • Optimization of Components • Safe storage of construction materials at site | [3, 5, 6, 11, 17, 19, 20, 25, 26, 28, 31, 32, 39, 40, 44, 46, 47, 49,50,51, 60, 63,64,65,66,67,68,69] |
Operation/Use Stage | • State of building materials during use and EoL • Use and modalities for operation in line with CE principles • Energy Consumption • Preventive Maintenance • Healthy and Comfortable Spaces | |
End of Life (EoL) Stage | • Design for Demolition • Selective Deconstruction • Reuse Potential • Recycling Potential • Adaptive Reuse Potential • Building Restoration • Pre demolition Audit • Demolition Plan • Inventory of Building materials and elements for reuse • Presence of a Local Recycling Centre • Deconstruction Labor Speed • Technologies for enhancing the quality of salvaged materials • Recycling Network • Advanced Recycling Technologies • On-site Waste Management • Recycling Rates & Targets • Circularity Score • Time for Disassembly • Recycled Product Demand | [3, 5, 6, 10, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23,24,25,26,27, 31, 32, 35, 38, 40, 41, 44, 45, 48, 49, 52, 56, 61, 63, 66, 67, 69, 71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80] |