Table 1 Shape grammar investigation of previous studies
From: Performative driven form finding in the early design stage
Authors | Aim | Algorithm objective | Tools | Building type | Methods | Parameters/variables | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schnier & Gero ([26]) | An evolving system that modifies the form of the building | Fitness function evolved genes | The grammar is handmade | House | Analyze the new design The rules are divided into 24 steps to create different layouts | ▪ Fireplace ▪ The shape of the floor plan ▪ Grid ▪ Adding comers and porches ▪ Functional zones ▪ Third dimension ▪ Roof ▪ Services place | |
Smyth & Edmonds ([30]) | Computer support using shape grammar to help the designer in the early-stage design | - | Computer support | Early-stage design | Set of design rules | Spatial arrangements | |
Chouchoulas & Day ([6]) | Shape grammar ideas are linked to a genetic algorithm to provide a tool for design exploration | Genetic algorithm | Linking shape grammar concepts to a genetic algorithm to provide a tool that can be used for design exploration | Early-stage design | Shape grammar rules to reach the final form, genetic algorithm | ▪ Rotation mirror ▪ Reflection core position ▪ The number of apartments, area, and volume ▪ Height and footprint | |
Trescak et al. ([36]) | Introduce a new tool based on shape grammar called the shape grammar interpreter | Automatic generation Algorithm | SGI shape grammar interpreter in JAVA | 2D shapes | An optimized sub shape detection algorithm | ▪ Shape grammar rules ▪ Rectangle room ▪ Rotation ▪ Random ▪ Point position ▪ Shape transformation | |
Ruiz-Montiel et al. ([25]) | Developing two-dimensional single-family dwelling plan designs | Simulated annealing Genetic algorithm | Dynamic programming Algorithms | 2D plan A single-family house | Set of rules | ▪ Relationships between spaces ▪ Housing program ▪ Bathroom ▪ Kitchen ▪ Distributor ▪ Non-personalized space | |
Granadeiro et al. ([12]) | Proposes a framework to help design decisions on the geometry of the building envelope in terms of its impact on energy performance | Parametric design system | Generative design encoding systems | Early design stages | ▪ Formulating transformation rules as equations and variables ▪ Energy simulation | Design principles ▪ Building width ▪ Building length ▪ Total floor area ▪ Second-floor area ▪ Living area ▪ Service area porch ▪ External surface ▪ Roof ▪ Window areas ▪ Heating ▪ Cooling | |
Andino & Chien ([4]) | Shape grammar has been used to capture Garifuna’s design architecture | Parametric design | Rhinoceros/Grasshopper software | Vernacular architecture | Geometric rules | Building ▪ Width and height ▪ Positioning of columns ▪ Beam positioning parameter ▪ Windows and wall panel position | |
Aydin et al. ([5]) | Showing a participative design process that uses gamification techniques to motivate strong participation | Optimization algorithm | 3D puzzle | Kashgar’s vernacular architecture Mass-production housing | Gamification: the strategy of shaped grammar | ▪ Void ▪ Circulation ▪ Cubes position | |
Park & Economou ([23]) | A generative description of Mies van der Rohe’s courthouse language is presented as a shaped grammar | Generative description | Applying shape grammar rules | Analysis | Set of rules | Spatial relations ▪ Courtrooms ▪ Circulation networks ▪ Vertical cores ▪ Office spaces ▪ Support spaces | |
AbdulRaheem & Abdulwahab Rayis ([1]) | A parametric shape grammar of traditional SUAKIN houses is presented | Generative design | Parametric tools | Residential plan spatial arrangement | Restoration of a modern SUAKIN architectural style is based on knowledge and understanding of the formal composition of the old SUAKIN style | Spatial relations Height-width area ▪ Diwan ▪ Harim entrance ▪ DHLIS ▪ Courtyard ▪ Stairs ▪ Room ▪ Entrance ▪ Kitchen ▪ Toilet ▪ Circulation | |
Prakash et al. [24] | Let the shape grammar helps designers and educators overcome the organic aspect of creativity by making learning visible and tangible | Mathematical computations | Blocks are physically manipulated | Explanatory and generative in use 3D | Educational approach through shaping grammar rules | ▪ Orthogonal grid ▪ Joining shapes ▪ Replacement ▪ Addition | |
Hasani et al. ([13]) | Generate a decision tree based on rules that directs the design process for constructing new residences | Rules and algorithms- | Mathematical calculation | The traditional architectural style of the Qajar home 2D | Analyze approximately 100 residences in Kashan city from the Qajar era to assess the existence of open, semiopen, and closed areas. Then, the shape grammar is applied to generate various designs based on these relations | The shape and styles of the courts ▪ Courtyard ▪ An IWAN partially closed space ▪ Distance from the closed room ▪ Spatial relationships within homes | |
Toussi ([34]) | Examine the conventional structures and design new ones around them, resulting in a hybrid generative evolutionary technique to solve the problem | Genetic algorithm optimization | MATLAB | Kashan’s traditional houses | Shape grammar method and genetic algorithm for studying historical houses | ▪ Position of entrance ▪ Courtyard ▪ Main bedroom ▪ Secondary room ▪ IWAN | |
Mandow et al. ([18]) | Explain how to create sketches of compact single-family homes that meet the requirements of habitability while being energy efficient | Generative grammar | Computation | Small single-family house | Experimental results | ▪ Energy simulation ▪ Spatial relation ▪ Outside spaces ▪ Cooking ▪ Storage ▪ Laundry ▪ Specialized space ▪ Openings position | |
Upasani et al. ([37]) | A method for creating rectangle floor plans automatically while adjusting dimensional limitations and adjacency relations | Automated generation | A software based on MATLAB | Floor plan layout | An algorithmic approach for room proportional and adjacency | ▪ Rectangular arrangement ▪ Room ratio ▪ Min width ▪ Min height | |
Yousefniapasha et al. ([42]) | Analyze and generate the layout and characteristics of vernacular homes and application of grammatical rules | Mathematical rules | Rule addition | Vernacular housing | Living room was first placed as the primary area in vernacular structures, followed by adding other rooms to the plan composition | ▪ Spatial relation ▪ Living room location ▪ Room ▪ Kitchen ▪ Front porch ▪ Guest room | |
Shekhawat et al. ([27]) | Graph theoretical and optimization approaches are used to create dimensioned floor plan layouts by introducing GPLAN software | Automated generation | GPLAN software Python | Floor plan layout | Python was used to implement GPLAN Optimize room dimensions | ▪ An adjacency of spatial relation ▪ Rooms ▪ Area ▪ Height ▪ proportions | |
Lee et al. ([17]) | A descriptive shape grammar develops a statistical approach to measuring and guiding grammatical applications | Mathematical algorithm | Computational design | Residential building | Shape grammar rules to identify spatial relation | ▪ Spatial relation ▪ Room unit ▪ Core unit ▪ Hall unit ▪ Entrance ▪ Height | |
Wang et al. ([39]) | Introduce a shape grammar-based strategy for analyzing 56 villages in Shandong’s design vocabulary | Mathematical calculation | Computational design | Analysis of rural housing in China | Analysis of room ratio through shape grammar | ▪ Spatial relation ▪ Courtyard ▪ Living space ▪ Bathroom ▪ Bedroom ▪ Storeroom | |