Table 2 Resilience capacities
Classification | Focus domain | ||
|---|---|---|---|
System-oriented | Governance-oriented | ||
[11] | Â | Â | |
Basic resilience Phases | Preparing | Homeostasis: constant self-balance maintaining via feedback. Ex: early/smart warnings, counter-expertise, flexible flood defenses, flood water removal | -System approach adoption -Beyond-design observing -Remain functioning-based building -Boost recovery capacities via socio/finance capital |
Absorbing | Redundancy: multiple backups/functional diversity. Ex: multiple roads/services connections/backup crisis centers/building access levels | ||
Omnivory: multiple different ways of needs fulfilling. Ex: energy sources diversifying, multiple function buildings | |||
Buffering: over-dimensioning system capacity for more disturbance absorbing. Ex: “water/public squares,” arterial roads elevating to function in floods, risk-prone areas with rapidly changing functions | |||
Recovery | Flatness: response rapidity and flexible participation empowering. Ex: locals’ self-reliance/self-organization | ||
High flux: resources fast mobilization. Ex: early warning system and recovery materials’ rapid accessibility | |||
Adapting | Including flexibility, and learning | ||
The “4Rs” [12] | Robustness (ability to withstand a shock), Redundancy (functional diversity), Resourcefulness (ability to mobilize when threatened), Rapidity (ability to contain losses and recover promptly) | ||
[13] | Flexibility: rearranging the ability of structure/functions when disturbed. Coordination: needed to make the best use of resources by decision-makers, citizens, and planners. Independence: needed self-reliance to survive adversities. Connectivity: interactions with other systems on a broader scale. Collaboration: inclusive and bottom-up urban management approach. Self-organization: establishing community-based activities via social institutions and networks. Efficiency: developing strategies to maximize benefits | ||