Table 3 Illustration for biophilic city indicators and R01 principle of urban resilience

Biophilic Infrastructure

B03

Urban ecological networks

Presented in natural vegetation, water streams, urban farms, …etc. which presents a strong resource potential that provides essential inputs for production.

[12, 34, 74]

B04

River systems/floodplains/wetlands

Considering blue infrastructure is an important resource for achieving resilience by controlling flood and drainage mechanisms with all hydraulic systems to integrate it with agriculture and landscape to increase resources for communities.

[34, 65]

Biophilic spaces and places

B08

Daylight interior spaces/dynamic natural light

Integrating natural light in spaces guarantees direct integration with nature which is essential for health and wellbeing, besides it has a positive impact on energy consumptions for buildings besides reducing overall building energy requirements like heating, cooling, electric lighting)

[34, 65, 82, 83]

B17

Urban trees

Integrating urban trees to be a part of ecological strategies since it offers valuable resources for fruits and materials, besides its environmental benefits.

[34, 43, 72, 84]

B18

Vegetated swales

Using vegetated swales as sustainable drainage systems for urban areas to enhance resource management and accessibility.

[34, 43, 72, 73]

B19

Edible landscaping

Considering green infrastructure will enhance agricultural land and wildlife which in turn will enhance the ecosystem and provide a healthy environment.

[12, 13, 34, 69, 74]

B21

Stream daylighting, Stream restoration

Enhancing urban resilience by strengthening the public realm, climate mitigation, and adaptation, through improving public transit, movement modes, and management of rainwater as a resource.

[8, 12, 13, 26, 34]

B23

Ecology parks

Protecting park ecosystems as they provide clean air and water in addition to wildlife habitats. It also enables the conservation of natural resources and provides healthy environments.

[11, 15, 26, 38]

B24

Neighborhood parks and pocket parks

[12, 13, 34, 69, 74]

B25

Greening gray fields and brownfields

Providing safe cleanups and sustainable plans for reusing such areas in cities makes them a good resource for new green spots which enriches cities’ green infrastructure.

[13, 65, 85]

B28

Regional green space systems

Conserving green systems is essential for resources management. Planning urban green areas is important for integrating nature into urban settings.

[86, 87]

Community and people activity

B30

Urban creeks and riparian areas

Considering these areas offers a good source for vegetation, green areas, water, and wildlife.

[86, 87]

B33

City tree canopy

Prioritizing tree planting in urban areas which increases nature integration in urban settings and provides good urban natural resource management.

[12, 13, 34, 74]

B34

Community gardens

Spreading gardens and protecting them represents a good source of clean air, water, and wildlife habitats.

[13, 65, 85, 88]

B37

Camping grounds

Offering spaces and areas for residence and services in case of emergencies.

B39

Botanic gardens/environmental education initiatives

Offering good opportunities for protecting plants, trees, and vegetation which supports self-sustaining ecosystems, and provides different plants, food, and material resources.

B40

Ecosystem restoration/conservation project

Integrating social-ecological processes on different scales to manage different resources.

[86, 87]