Table 2 Biophilic principles and patterns adopted from [28, 39, 40]
From: Biophilic smart cities: the role of nature and technology in enhancing urban resilience
Principles & patterns | Sub-principles (How to achieve it?) |
|---|---|
Nature in the Space Patterns | Visual Connection with Nature; Non-Visual- Connection with Nature; Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli; Thermal & Airflow - Variability, Presence of Water, Dynamic & Diffuse Light, Connection with Natural Systems |
Natural Analogues Patterns | Biomorphic Forms & Patterns; Material Connection with Nature; Complexity & Order |
Nature of the Space Patterns | Prospect; Refuge; Mystery; Risk/Peril. |
Visual Connection with nature | Providing different views for natural urban elements. |
Non-Visual connection with nature | Enhancing the other senses like hearing, smell and touch in experiencing the urban environment. |
Presence of water | Improving the multi-sensory experience with water view and sound. |
Connection with natural system | Using nature integration to urbanism in order to enhance ecological functions in the ecosystem. |
Natural forms and patterns | Following organic and free forms to enhance biophilic design patterns and avoid using rigid straight forms. |
Material connection with nature | Using natural materials to achieve more connection between people and nature. |
Complexity | Using complexity in spatial design to enrich people’s experience and feelings; like what happens in experiencing nature. |
Prospect | Making passable and smooth views while adopting biophilic design. |