Residential satisfaction in gated communities according to stages in the life cycle with reference to Cairo, Egypt

The objective of the study is to investigate, in the Egyptian context, residential satisfaction in gated communities (GCs) in relation to stages in the life cycle. The aim is to identify possible differences between the different stages in the life cycle in terms of the most important predictors of overall residential satisfaction. The study relies on a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of residents of Al-Rehab GC in Cairo, Egypt (n = 131). The sample was divided into four life cycle stage groups: young singles (YS) (n = 36), heads of young family households (YF) (n = 41), heads of households with older children (OC) (n = 34), and empty nesters (EN) (n = 20). Statistical analysis does indeed reveal differences between stages in the life cycle in relation to the most important components of residential satisfaction. In particular, for YF and OC, the social environment within the GC was the most important predictor of overall residential satisfaction. For these two life cycle groups, issues related to the needs and safety of their children were also important. In contrast, for EN, the social environment and characteristics of the area around the dwelling appeared to be much less important than for other groups. For EN, satisfaction with the dwelling unit itself was shown to be the most important predictor of overall residential satisfaction.


Introduction
In Cairo, like in many cities around the world, gated communities (GCs) are a relatively new, but rapidly spreading housing typology [1][2][3]. Increasing numbers of residents are opting to move to GCs, attracted by expectations of better lifestyle, more privacy and security [1,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The evaluation of existing GCs developments is certainly important for guiding both the design of future projects and urban policy making [12][13][14][15][16]. Residential satisfaction is a concept that is often used to evaluate residential environments from the perspective of the residents themselves [17][18][19][20]. Because residential needs and expectations typically change with age and household characteristics [9,17,21], it is essential to investigate residential satisfaction in relation to stages in the life cycle. While some evaluations of GCs in Cairo have already been conducted [6,8,10,22,23], to date; studies have not focused on differences in residential satisfaction related to stages in the life cycle. Accordingly, the objective of the current study is to investigate, in the Egyptian context, residential satisfaction in GCs according to stages in the life cycle.

The GC phenomenon
The literature provides several definitions of GCs [1,2,4,5,7,12,14,15,24,25]. However, most of these definitions agree that GCs are residential developments that may differ in size, configuration, and layout, but they are mainly surrounded by walls or any kind of artificial or natural fences, with gates or controlled entrances to regulate the access of non-residents. The literature also distinguishes between different types of GCs. In particular, Blakely and Snyder classified GCs based on the motivations of residents, into (1) lifestyle communities, (2) prestige (elite) communities, and (3) security zone communities [4].
The rapid spread of the GC phenomenon in cities all around the world can be explained in large parts by the multiple reasons for which urban residents decide to move to GCs. One of these reasons is a general perception of the presence of urban crime and the desire for greater levels of security [4,5,11,24]. People also opt to move to GCs seeking better lifestyles, higher living standards, prestige, and sense of community [1,4,15,[25][26][27]. Indeed, advertisements for GCs developments typically promise a healthy life, high-quality services and facilities, peace, quietness, and increased privacy [1,4,5,9,11]. In addition, the purchase of a home in a GC is often seen as a particularly good real estate investment [9,11,24]. In the Egyptian context, people tend to be attracted to GCs for the very same reasons [6,10,22,28].

The concept of residential satisfaction
Residential satisfaction refers to the individuals' evaluation of the conditions of their residential environment, in relation to their needs, expectations, and achievements [17,29]. It is the way that residents evaluate the place in which they live [9,18]. Measuring residential satisfaction has become an important indicator for judging the success of residential developments [9]. It is a key for designing successful future housing developments and implementing effective housing policies [20]. Residential satisfaction is a multidimensional concept, that depends on satisfaction with the different components and aspects of the residential environment [15,19,20,30]. Residential satisfaction needs to be conceived and evaluated through the features and characteristics of both the physical and social environments [20]. The physical components of residential satisfaction concern both physical conditions within the dwelling and the conditions of the neighborhood surrounding the dwelling [21,31]. The social components are also important dimensions of residential satisfaction. They include social interaction and relations with neighbors [7,32,33].

Residential satisfaction in GCs
Several studies have investigated residential satisfaction in GCs. A number of these studies show that life in GCs is sometimes associated with unfulfilled expectations and disappointments with such issues, as the high cost of maintenance and of provided services and great social isolation [5,14,25,26,32]. However, most studies show that residents are generally satisfied with life in GCs. For example, a study conducted in Istanbul, Turkey, suggests that residents of GCs tend to be satisfied with greater levels of security, variety of facilities, accessibility to green open areas, and levels of maintenance of the housing areas [15]. A study conducted in Malaysia reveals that the relatively high levels of residential satisfaction among residents of GCs are particularly associated with financial benefits, social status, and lifestyle facilities [9]. A study conducted in Kenya also shows that residents of GCs tend to be satisfied with their residential environment and in particular with the enhanced security, improved quality of life, and greater sense of community [32]. Similarly, in the Egyptian context, two studies conducted in Cairo [8] and Alexandria [10] indicate that residents tend to be satisfied with their move to GCs, particularly in relation to better lifestyle, increased prestige, and the preservation of their real estate investment. Despite the relatively large number of studies that have investigated residential satisfaction in GCs, to date residential satisfaction in GCs in relation to stages in the life cycle has not really been addressed, in general, but particularly in the Egyptian context.

Residential satisfaction and stages in the life cycle
The concept of 'stages in the life cycle' is a concept that is used in housing studies to describe a number of socio-demographic characteristics of individuals or households such as age, marital status, and number and ages of children [20,[34][35][36]. The housing literature shows that housing needs, expectations, choices and ultimately housing satisfaction are strongly related to stages in the life cycle [19,34,36,37]. For example, Mc-Carthy showed how housing characteristics and choices are greatly determined according to stages in the life cycle [34]. Also, Speare has demonstrated the relationship between stages in the life cycle, housing consumption, and local mobility [38]. In addition, Grigolon found that differences in residential satisfaction can be explained by residents' needs, constraints, or preferences, which are, in fact, all strongly related to life cycle stages [39]. Consequently, the objective of the current study is to investigate, in the Egyptian context, residential satisfaction in GCs in relation to stages in the life cycle. It aims to identify possible differences in residential satisfaction between different stages in the life cycle.

Research design
To fulfill the research objectives, the study adopts a correlational research design [40]. It relied primarily on a survey questionnaire designed to assess the different dimensions of residential satisfaction. The questionnaire was administered in January 2020 to a sample of residents of phases 1 and 2 in Al-Rehab GC in New Cairo. Al-Rehab GC is composed of ten phases set on an area of 10 million m 2 . The GC's current population is about 110,000 residents [41]. This particular GC was selected for the study for several reasons. First, Al-Rehab is one of the oldest GCs in Greater Cairo. Its development started in 1997. Consequently, many of Al-Rehab phases, particularly phases 1 and 2 have been inhabited for more than 10 years. Second, Al-Rehab features a large variety of residential unit types, such as separate villas, twin villas, town houses, and apartment units of different areas [42]. As a result, Al-Rehab GC is characterized by a relative socio-demographic diversity among residents, including diversity in terms of stages in the life cycle. It should be noted, however, that Al-Rehab cannot be considered to represent all GCs in Cairo. It is more representative of the larger lifestyle GCs with relative self-sufficiency in terms of services and shopping facilities [4,23,42]. Al-Rehab, indeed, is considered to be a self-sufficient community. It offers a range of facilities and services from the basic needs to comprehensive services for entertainment. It features large green areas, commercial markets, shopping and commercial malls, cafes, restaurants, cinema theaters, a sportive and social club, banking facilities, educational facilities, and health care services [41,42].

Design of survey questionnaire
The questionnaire was designed in seven sections. The first section inquired about the relevant socio-demographic characteristics of respondents in order to be able to classify them in different stage of the life cycle groups. These characteristics included gender, age, educational attainment, marital status, number and age of children, and number of children still living at home with the respondent. Questions also inquired about how long the respondents have been living in Al-Rehab, type of dwelling, area of dwelling, location of the respondents' work or school and location of children's school, whether inside or outside of Al-Rehab GC. This section also featured a question that inquired about reasons for choosing to live in a GC. It asked the respondents to select the three main reasons among a number of choices (lifestyle-security-comfort-privacy-healthy environmentquietness-access to services and facilities). The second section included a number of questions designed to assess 'overall residential satisfaction'. The main question asked respondents to rate their satisfaction with life in a GC. Then, two other questions were included to further confirm ratings of overall residential satisfaction. One asked the respondents the extent to which they would recommend Al-Rehab as a favorable place to live and reside. The other one asked them to indicate where they would prefer to live if they were not living in Al-Rehab, in another GC or not in a GC. The following five sections were designed to assess the different components or determinants of overall residential satisfaction (see Table 1). Three of these components, 'dwelling satisfaction', 'neighborhood satisfaction', and 'satisfaction with the social environment', are directly derived from the residential satisfaction literature [18-20, 32, 33]. Two other components of overall residential satisfaction, 'sense of security', and 'satisfaction with ease of mobility and access to services' also needed to be emphasized to better adapt the concept of residential satisfaction to the particular case of GCs [13,15,16]. Each of these five sections included first a question asking respondents to rate the overall satisfaction with the component investigated (e.g., rate overall satisfaction with your dwelling unit or rate overall satisfaction with your social life as a resident of Al-Rehab). Then, as detailed in Table 1, the five sections included a number of questions asking respondents to rate their satisfaction with various aspects of the different components investigated.
As is most common in questionnaires designed to assess residential satisfaction [13], Sections 2 through 7 relied primarily on rating questions and a 5-point Likert scale response format: "1" = very unsatisfied, "2" = unsatisfied, "3" = neutral, "4" = satisfied and "5" = very satisfied. The questionnaire was pilot-tested to make sure that the questions were clear and that the completion time was reasonable. The pilot-testing led to the refined final version of the questionnaire.

Sampling and respondents' characteristics
Sampling relied primarily on a combined convenience and snow ball sampling approach [40,43,44]. The questionnaire was e-mailed first to a number of acquaintances of the researchers living in Al-Rehab, who, in turn, distributed the questionnaire to their relatives and friends within the GC. The questionnaire was also posted on a number of Al-Rehab social media groups. A total of 131 residents of Al-Rehab responded to the questionnaire. Table 2 presents the main demographic characteristics of the  3) Heads of households with older children (OC) (n = 34): respondents above the age of 34, married, divorced (3 respondents), or widowed (1 respondent) with children above the age of 13 still living at home. 4) Empty nesters (EN) (n = 20): respondents above the age of 44, married or widowed (1 respondent) whose children are no longer living at home.
According to these operational definitions of the different life cycle stages, YS and OC in particular may represent the same households. However, in this study, the unit of analysis is not the household but individuals in different stages in the life cycle (for a similar approach see [46]). The logic is that young persons and their parents, even if living in a same household, may have different needs and expectations in relation to the residential environment. Accordingly, they may have different levels of residential satisfaction and different determinants of residential satisfaction.

Data analysis
Questionnaire responses were analyzed using SPSS to compare between the different stage in the life cycle groups. First, descriptive statistics were calculated and were used to organize and present the data as well as to analyze frequency distributions for the answers of the questionnaire. Then several inferential statistical tests were performed. Mean values of ratings for overall residential satisfaction and for its different components were compared across life cycle groups using the analysis of variance ANOVA. Non-parametric Spearman correlations were conducted to determine the correlations between each of the different components of residential satisfaction and its aspects. Multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) was conducted to identify, for each life cycle group, the significant predictors of overall residential satisfaction and of its components.

Main reasons for choosing to live in a GC
For respondents as a whole, the choices of main reasons for opting to live in a GC were, from the most to the least frequently selected, 'quietness', 'access to services and facilities', 'lifestyle', 'safety and security', 'comfort', 'healthy environment', 'privacy', and finally 'location' which was selected by only two of the respondents (see Table 3). The table also shows the choices of the different life cycle groups. For YS, the most frequently selected choices were 'quietness', 'comfort', and 'access to services and facilities'. For YF, they were 'access to services and facilities', 'safety and security', and 'lifestyle'. For OC, they were 'access to services and facilities', 'quietness', and 'lifestyle'.
Finally, for EN, 'quietness' was clearly the most important reason (selected by 90%).
Ratings of overall residential satisfaction and of the different components of residential satisfaction As a whole, respondents showed a relatively high level of 'overall residential satisfaction' (satisfaction with life in a GC). Table 4 shows mean ratings for the different life cycle groups. The highest mean was for YF (M = 4.12) and the lowest mean was for OC (M = 3.76). However, mean differences between the four life cycle groups were minimal and were not found to be statistically significant. The table also shows mean ratings for the different components of residential satisfaction investigated. Ratings for all of these components were relatively high, even if, ratings for 'neighborhood satisfaction' (M = 4.06 for respondents as a whole) were slightly higher than for the other components. For all the components of residential satisfaction, mean differences between the four life cycle groups were not found to be statistically significant.

Predictors of dwelling unit satisfaction
Correlations between 'satisfaction with dwelling unit' and the different aspects of dwelling satisfaction investigated are indicated in Table 5. 'Satisfaction with dwelling unit' was only found to be significantly positively correlated with 'satisfaction with privacy in dwelling' for YS; with 'satisfaction with area of dwelling' and 'satisfaction with views from dwelling' for YF; with 'satisfaction with area of dwelling' and 'satisfaction with quietness in and around dwelling' for OC; and with 'satisfaction with views from dwelling' for EN.
MLRA identified, for each of the four life cycle stages, the best predictors of 'satisfaction with dwelling unit' among the different aspects investigated. As shown in Table 6, for YS, the best and only significant predictor was 'satisfaction with privacy in dwelling'. For YF, the two significant predictors were 'satisfaction with area of dwelling' and 'satisfaction with views from dwelling'. For OC, the two significant predictors were  'satisfaction with area of dwelling' and 'satisfaction with quietness in and around dwelling'. Finally, for EN, the best and only significant predictor was 'satisfaction with views from dwelling'.

Predictors of neighborhood satisfaction
Correlations between 'neighborhood satisfaction' and the different aspects of the neighborhood satisfaction investigated are indicated in Table 7. For YF and OC, satisfaction with the neighborhood was significantly and positively correlated with all the aspects of 'neighborhood satisfaction' investigated: 'satisfaction with neighborhood attractiveness', 'satisfaction with neighborhood cleanliness', 'satisfaction with neighborhood maintenance', 'satisfaction with green areas', 'satisfaction with play areas for children', and 'satisfaction with the possibility of walking around dwelling'. For YS, 'neighborhood satisfaction' was only found to be significantly and positively correlated with 'satisfaction with neighborhood attractiveness' and 'satisfaction with neighborhood maintenance'. As for EN, 'neighborhood satisfaction' was not found to be statistically correlated with any of the aspects investigated. For each of the four life cycle stages, MLRA was conducted to identify the best significant predictors of 'neighborhood satisfaction' among the different aspects investigated. As shown in Table 8, for YF, the significant predictors were 'satisfaction with neighborhood attractiveness', 'satisfaction with neighborhood maintenance', and 'satisfaction with the possibility of walking around dwelling'. For OC, they were 'satisfaction with neighborhood attractiveness' and 'satisfaction with neighborhood maintenance'. As for YS and EN, MLRA results did not reveal any significant predictors.

Predictors of sense of security
Correlations between 'sense of security' and its different investigated aspects are indicated in Table 9. The table shows that 'sense of security' was found to be significantly positively correlated with 'safety from house burglary', 'presence of security at the main gates' and 'safety of children playing around dwelling' for YS; 'safety of walking alone around dwelling', 'safety of children playing around dwelling', 'safety from traffic accidents' and 'presence of security at the main gates' for YF and OC; 'safety from house burglary', 'safety from traffic accidents', and 'presence of security at the main gates' for EN. MLRA was conducted to identify, for each of the four life cycle stages, the best predictors of 'sense of security' among the different aspects investigated. As shown in Table 10, for YS, the significant predictors were 'safety from house burglary', 'safety from traffic accidents' and 'presence of security at the main gates'. For YF, the only significant predictor was 'safety of children playing around dwelling'. For OC, the two significant predictors were 'safety from traffic accidents' and 'presence of security at the main gates'. And for EN, the only significant predictor of 'sense of security' was 'safety from house burglary'.

Predictors of satisfaction with mobility and access to services
Correlations between 'satisfaction with mobility and access to services' and its different aspects are shown in Table 11. It was found that for YS, 'satisfaction with mobility and access to services' was significantly positively correlated with 'satisfaction with access to public transportation/ taxis/ uber', 'ease of going to work/school', 'ease of buying daily  needs', 'ease of going to the club' and 'ease of going to recreational places'. For EN, it was only found to be significantly positively correlated with 'ease of buying daily needs'. As for YF and OC, 'satisfaction with mobility and access to services' was significantly correlated with all of the aspects investigated. MLRA identified the best predictors of 'satisfaction with mobility and access to services' among the different aspects investigated for each of the four life cycle stages. As shown in Table 12, for YS, the significant predictors were: 'satisfaction with access to public transportation/ taxis/ uber' and 'ease of going to the club'. For YF, the only significant predictor was 'ease of going to work/ school'. For OC, the only significant predictor was 'ease of going to the club'. Finally, for EN, the only significant predictor was 'ease of buying daily needs'.

Predictors of satisfaction with the social environment
Correlations between 'satisfaction with the social environment' and its different aspects are shown in Table 13. For YS, 'satisfaction with the social environment' was positively significantly correlated with all of the aspects investigated. For YF, it was significantly correlated with 'satisfaction with ease of meeting family and friends living outside of Al-Rehab', 'sense of belonging to Al-Rehab', 'satisfaction with social interaction among residents', 'satisfaction with cooperation and support between Al-Rehab residents', and 'participation of residents in management and decision making'. For OC, it was significantly correlated with 'social compatibility', 'sense of community', 'sense of belonging   to Al-Rehab', 'satisfaction with social interaction among residents', and 'satisfaction with cooperation and support between Al-Rehab residents'. For EN, 'satisfaction with the social environment' was only significantly correlated with 'satisfaction with ease of meeting family and friends living outside of Al-Rehab'. MLRA identified, for each of the four life cycle stages, the best predictors of 'satisfaction with the social environment'. As shown in Table 14, for YS and EN, the only significant predictor was 'satisfaction with ease of meeting family and friends living outside of Al-Rehab'. For YF, the two significant predictors were 'sense of community' and 'sense of belonging to Al-Rehab'. For OC, MLRA results did not show any significant predictor.

Predictors of overall residential satisfaction
Correlations between 'overall residential satisfaction' (satisfaction with life in a GC) and components of residential satisfaction are indicated in Table 15. For respondents as a whole, 'overall residential satisfaction' was found to be significantly positively correlated with all of the components of residential satisfaction. However, for the different life cycle groups, 'overall residential satisfaction' was not significantly correlated with all of the components and correlated components tended to differ from one group to another. These results seem to confirm that needs and aspirations for living in a GC vary according to stages in the life cycle. As shown in the table, for YS, 'overall residential Table 11 Correlations between satisfaction with mobility and access to services and its different aspects   satisfaction' was only significantly correlated with 'neighborhood satisfaction'. For YF, it was significantly correlated with 'neighborhood satisfaction', 'sense of security', and 'satisfaction with the social environment'. For OC, it was only significantly correlated with 'satisfaction with the social environment'. Finally, for EN, 'overall residential satisfaction' was only significantly correlated with 'satisfaction with dwelling unit'. MLRA was conducted to identify the best predictors of 'overall residential satisfaction' among the different components of overall residential satisfaction. As shown in Table 16, for respondents as a whole, the two significant predictors were 'sense of security' and 'satisfaction with the social environment'. However, for both YF and OC, the only significant predictor was 'satisfaction with the social environment'. For EN, the only significant predictor was 'satisfaction with dwelling unit'. As for YS, MLRA did not reveal any significant predictor.

Discussion
Results suggest that residents of Al-Rehab GC have relatively high levels of overall residential satisfaction. Results also show high levels of satisfaction for the different components of residential satisfaction: (1) dwelling satisfaction, (2) neighborhood satisfaction, (3) sense of security, (4) satisfaction with mobility and access to services, and (5) satisfaction with the social environment. ANOVA results did not yield any significant differences between mean ratings of the different life cycle groups both for overall residential satisfaction and for its various components. However, MLRA results indicated very clear differences between stages in the life cycle in terms of the most important  predictors of overall residential satisfaction and the most important predictors of the different components of residential satisfaction (see Tables 17 and 18). For YF and OC, generally households with younger or older children, the social environment within the GC appeared to be very important. For both of these groups, satisfaction with the social environment was found to be the only significant predictor of overall residential satisfaction. Furthermore, particularly for YF; sense of community and sense of belonging to Al-Rehab were the most important predictors of satisfaction with the social environment.
Also, for both YF and OC, in contrast with other life cycle groups, satisfaction with the area of dwelling was found to be one of the most important predictors of dwelling satisfaction. The importance of the area of dwelling unit for these two particular groups could be related to the presence of children within the household. However, it could also be related to a concern with the social image or social identity projected by the residential environment, including both the dwelling unit and the neighborhood. In fact, for YF and OC, satisfaction with the attractiveness and maintenance of the neighborhood were found to be among the most important predictors of neighborhood satisfaction.
In addition, results revealed that for both YF and OC, residential satisfaction was strongly related to the needs of their children and to concerns about their safety. For example, for YF, the perception of safety of children playing in areas around the dwelling was found to be the most important predictor of sense of security in the residential  environment. And, the ease of going to work or to children's school was found to be the most important predictor of satisfaction with mobility and access to services. For OC, whose children are older and thus tend to have a greater range of independent mobility, safety from traffic accidents was the most important predictor of sense of security. And for them, the ease of going to the club was the most important predictor of satisfaction with mobility and access to services. In fact, for YS, whose age range corresponds to the ages of OC children, results were very similar. Indeed, for YS, safety from traffic accidents and the ease of going to the club were among the most important predictors of sense of security and satisfaction with mobility and access to services respectively.
Results for YS stress the importance of mobility in relation to residential satisfaction. For example, for YS, satisfaction with access to public transportation, taxis, and uber was another important predictor of satisfaction with mobility and access to services. Also, for YS, satisfaction with ease of meeting family or friends living outside the GC was the most important predictor of satisfaction with the social environment.
While for YF and OC residential satisfaction was particularly related to the social environment within the GC, for EN, residential satisfaction appeared to be much more related to the dwelling unit itself. Results indicated that, for EN, satisfaction with dwelling unit was the most important predictor of overall residential satisfaction. Also, for EN, perceived house burglary risk was found to be the most important aspect of sense of security in the residential environment.
For EN, the social environment within the GC appeared to be much less important than for YF and OC. First, for EN, satisfaction with the social environment was not found to be an important predictor of overall residential satisfaction. Furthermore, for EN, like for YS, the only significant predictor of satisfaction with the social environment was satisfaction with ease of meeting family or friends living outside the GC. Finally, for EN, the ease of buying daily needs appeared to be much more important than for the other groups. Indeed, in contrast with the other life cycle groups, the ease of buying daily needs was the most important predictor of satisfaction with mobility and access to services.

Conclusions
The housing literature emphasizes that residential satisfaction, as a multi-dimensional concept, is strongly related to stages in the life cycle; as needs and priorities related to the residential environment tend to vary from one stage to another [19,34,36,37,46,47]. Results of this study confirm this and suggest that it is also true in relation to GCs in the Egyptian context. The differences between stages in the life cycle in relation to residential satisfaction identified in this study can provide some guidance for the design of future GCs to better address the needs and priorities of diverse residents.