Factor | Resilience | Sustainability |
---|---|---|
Definition | The capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and systems within a city to survive, adapt, and grow, no matter what kinds of stresses and shocks they experience | Development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs |
Activity years | Re-introduced in the 1960s | Developed since 1987 |
Direct objective | Self-sufficient and risks mitigating cities | Managing resources wisely |
Criticism | Multi-vague definition/not easily measured and optimized | Highly politicized/expensive alternatives for developing countries |
Related systems | Dynamic complex systems, nonlinear, unpredictable disruptions | Static, stable systems |
Term | Current and coming term | Longer-term “future generations” |
Basic challenges | Natural hazards—disease pandemics—man-made disasters—ecology/socio-economic retardation—vulnerability and exposure levels—insufficient institutional management—weak infrastructures—lack of resources | Raw materials scarcity—energy consumption rates—climate change and global warming—environment degradation—man-made practices—lack of resilience—natural disasters—injustice in resources distribution |
Common interest | The global dimension of human activity environmental impacts and the possible responses [15] |