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Table 3 Resilience and sustainability features

From: Evolutionary urban resilience as an incremental approach to sustainability: a multifunctional pluvial flood and wastewater risk reduction framework

Factor

Resilience

Sustainability

Definition

The capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and systems within a city to survive, adapt, and grow, no matter what kinds of stresses and shocks they experience

Development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

Activity years

Re-introduced in the 1960s

Developed since 1987

Direct objective

Self-sufficient and risks mitigating cities

Managing resources wisely

Criticism

Multi-vague definition/not easily measured and optimized

Highly politicized/expensive alternatives for developing countries

Related systems

Dynamic complex systems, nonlinear, unpredictable disruptions

Static, stable systems

Term

Current and coming term

Longer-term “future generations”

Basic challenges

Natural hazards—disease pandemics—man-made disasters—ecology/socio-economic retardation—vulnerability and exposure levels—insufficient institutional management—weak infrastructures—lack of resources

Raw materials scarcity—energy consumption rates—climate change and global warming—environment degradation—man-made practices—lack of resilience—natural disasters—injustice in resources distribution

Common interest

The global dimension of human activity environmental impacts and the possible responses [15]