Table 6 Summary of magnetite nanoparticles on Emission characteristics with various concentrations
From: Synthesis, stability, and emission analysis of magnetite nanoparticle-based biofuels
Base Fuel | Dosage | Surfactant | Engine | Emissions | Ref | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HC | CO | NOX | Smoke | |||||
CaulerpaRacemosa Oil | 1% | 0.3 % tri methyl ammonium hydroxide | 1-cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine @ 1500 rpm, 5.2 kW | Decreases | Decreases | Decreases | Decreases | [53] |
Rice bran oil | 1% | 0.3% tetra methyl ammonium hydroxide | 1-cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine 4.45 kW @ 1500 rpm | Decrease by 19ppm | Decrease by 0.011% | Decrease by 93ppm | Decrease by 9% | [174] |
Rice bran oil | 2% | 0.3% tri methyl ammonium hydroxide | 2-cylinder,4-stroke diesel engine @ 1500 rpm | Decreases by 10.8% | Decreases by 9.1% | Decreases by 8.49% | Decreases by 3.85% | [178] |
Diesel | 0.4% , 0.8% | − | 1-cylinder, naturally aspirated, 4-stroke, water-cooled, 9 hp,2200 rpm | − | Increases | Average reductions of around 56% and 67% | Increases | [189] |
waste cooking oil | 25,50,75 & 100 ppm | − | 4 strokes, 1- cylinder, VC ratio CI engine | − | Decreases by 2.08%, | Decreases by 7.43%, | Decreases by 10.43% | [176] |
Diesel | 0.4% , 0.8% | − | 4-cylinder, 4-stroke, CI Engine @ 4800 rpm, 43kW | − | Increases | Decreases | − | [102] |
Rice bran oil | 1.30% | 0.2 % tri methyl ammonium hydroxide | 1-cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine 4.45 kW @ 1500 rpm | Reduced by 10.8% | Reduced by 9.1% | Reduced by 8.49% | − | [177] |
Diesel | 25 and 50 ppm | − | 4 strokes, 1- cylinder, air cooled 5.2 kW at 1500 rpm. | Decreases | Decrements are about 48% and 52% | Increases | Decreases | [106] |
Mahua oil | 40, 80 ppm | − | 4stroke, 1 cylinder diesel engine, 3.7 kW at 1500 rpm | Decreases | Reduced about 18% | Increases | Decreases by about 15-18%, | [100] |
Pongamia oil | 0.5%, 1% % 1.5% | − | 4 stroke 1- cylinder, water cooled CI engine, 1500 rpm | Decrease to 22.9% | Reduced to 35.8% | Decreases | Decrease to 24.4 % | [51] |
Mahua oil | 1% | 0.3 % tri methyl ammonium hydroxide | 4- stroke,2- cylinder, diesel engine @ 1300 rpm | Reduced by 10.8%, | Reduced by 6.44% | Reduced by 9.49%, | Average of 14.28% reduction | [109] |
diesel | 0.4% , 0.8% | − | four stroke diesel engine | Reduced by 6.39% | Reduced by 10.24% | Decreases | Reduced by 5.38% | [190] |
diesel | 4%, 8%, 12% | − | 4 stroke 1- cylinder, water cooled CI engine, 5 Hp,1500 rpm | − | Increased by 30-43 ppm | Decreased by 17 -30 ppm | − | [136] |
diesel | 0.4%, 0.8% | tetra-methyl-ammonium hydroxide | 1-cylinder 4- stroke direct injection VC ratio engine. | − | Increased by 21 to 42 ppm. | Decreased by 14 to 24ppm. | − | [187] |
Mahua oil | 40, 80 & 120 ppm | Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide | 4-stroke, 1-cylinder, common rail direct injection, 1500 rpm, 3.7 kW | Decreases | Reduced up to 11.32% | Slightly increases | Decreases up to 15–18%, | [191] |
chicken fat oil | 50, 100 and 150 ppm | − | 4-stroke, 1-cylinder, DICI engine @ 1500 rpm, 3.5 kW | Decreases by 22.27%, | Decreases by 0.119% | Decreases by 15.72%, | Decreases by 15.64% | [175] |
chicken fat oil | 50, 100 and 150 ppm | − | 4-stroke, 1-cylinder, DICI engine @ 1500 rpm, 3.5 kW | Reduction by 21.73% | Reduction by 53.22%, | Reduction by 15.39% | Reduction by 14.73% | [87] |
Mustard oil | 1% | 0.3%of surfactant | 4 stroke, 1 cylinder diesel engine, 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm | Reduction by 5.8% | Reduction by 2.66% | Reduction by 7.74% | Reduction by 6.98% | [179] |
Pongamia oil | 50, 100 ppm | − | 4 stroke, 1 cylinder diesel engine, 3.7 kW at 1500 rpm | Decreases | Decreases | Slightly increases | Decreases | [180] |