Table 5 Summary of magnetite nanoparticles on engine performance with various concentrations
From: Synthesis, stability, and emission analysis of magnetite nanoparticle-based biofuels
Base Fuel | Nano particles concentration | Surfactant | Engine | Engine Performance | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BTE | BSFC | |||||
Waste cooking oil | 25,50,75 & 100 ppm | − | 4 strokes, 1- cylinder, VC ratio CI engine | Increases by 1.49% | Decreases by 2.21% | [176] |
Diesel | 0.4% , 0.8% | − | 4-cylinder, 4-stroke, CI engine, water cooled 43kW at 4800 rpm | Increasing up to 12% | Decreasing up to 11% | [102] |
Diesel | 0.4% , 0.8% | − | 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, water-cooled, 9 hp,2200 rpm | − | No significant variation | [189] |
Rice bran oil | 1.30% | 0.2 % tri methyl ammonium hydroxide | 1-cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine 4.45 kW @ 1500 rpm | Increases by 4.27% | Reduced by 5.17% | [177] |
Diesel | 25 and 50 ppm | − | 4-stroke, 1- cylinder, air cooled 5.2 kW at 1500 rpm. | Increases by about 2% | Decreases of about 9% | [106] |
Mahua oil | 40, 80 ppm | − | 4-stroke, 1 cylinder diesel engine, 3.7 kW at 1500 rpm | Increases | Decreases | [100] |
pongamia oil | 0.5%, 1% % 1.5% | − | 4- stroke 1- cylinder, water cooled CI engine, 1500 rpm | Increase up to 16.6 % | Decreases by 8% | [51] |
Mahua oil | 1% | 0.3 % tri methyl ammonium hydroxide | 2- cylinder, 4- stroke, air cooled diesel engine, 1300 rpm | Increases of about 5.27% | Decreases of about 5.37%. | [109] |
diesel | 0.4% , 0.8% | − | four stroke diesel engine | Increases up to 12% | Decreases up to 11% | [190] |
diesel | 4%, 8%, 12% | − | 4 stroke 1- cylinder, water cooled CI engine, 5 Hp,1500 rpm | Increased by 11.07 – 21.43 %. | Decreases up to 10.52 – 18.18% | [187] |
diesel | 0.4%, 0.8% | tetra-methyl-ammonium hydroxide | 1-cylinder 4- stroke direct injection VC ratio engine. | Increases up to 12% | decreases up to 11% | [188] |
Mahua oil | 40, 80 & 120 ppm | cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide | 4-stroke, 1-cylinder, common rail direct injection, water cooled, 1500 rpm, 3.7 kW | Increased up to 0.44%, | − | [191] |
chicken fat oil | 50, 100 and 150 ppm | − | 4-stroke, 1-cylinder, DI engine, water-cooled CI engine, 3.5 kW @ 1500 rpm | Increases by 7.49% | Reduction by 22.86 | [175] |
chicken fat oil | 50, 100 and 150 ppm | − | 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, dual DI engine, water-cooled CI engine, 3.5 kW @ 1500 rpm | Improved by 4.84%, | Reduction by 10.44% | [87] |
Mustard Oil | 0.01 | 0.3%of surfactant | 4 stroke, 1 cylinder diesel engine, 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm | Increases by 5.122% | Decrease by 4.72% | [179] |