Synthesis, stability, and emission analysis of magnetite nanoparticle-based biofuels

Rao, M. Srinivasa; Rao, Ch. Srinivasa; Kumari, A. Swarna

doi:10.1186/s44147-022-00127-y

Journal of Engineering and Applied Science

Table 4 Summary of fuel properties of magnetite nano-particles with different concentrations

From: Synthesis, stability, and emission analysis of magnetite nanoparticle-based biofuels

Base fuel	Nanoadditive proportions	Ultrasonication type/time/power	Fuel properties						Ref
Base fuel	Nanoadditive proportions	Ultrasonication type/time/power	Viscosity (cSt)	Flashpoint (°C)	Fire point (°C)	Calorific value (KJ/kg)	Density (g/m3)	Cetane No.	Ref
Rice Bran biodiesel	−	−	6.32	138		38123	0.882	52.0	[174]
Rice Bran biodiesel	1%	sonication for 60 min	6.55	144	−	39143	0.910	55.0	[174]
chicken fat methyl ester-CFB30	−	−	3.28	98	103	42228	0.850	49.5	[175]
	50 ppm	Titanium horn probe, 20 kHZ for 45 minutes	3.33	96	101	42503	0.851	51.4
	100 ppm		3.37	94	99	42798	0.851	52.8
	150 ppm		3.55	97	102	42720	0.856	54.1
Waste cooking oil (B20)	−	−	3.29	85	88	39672	0.821		[176]
	25 ppm	Probe sonicator for 30 min	3.75	88	90	39546	0.824	−
	50 ppm		4.34	89	92	39868	0.826	−
	75 ppm		4.38	89	93	39868	0.829	−
	100 ppm		4.42	85	88	40000	0.833	−
CaulerpaRacemosa Oil methyl ester( CROME)	−	−	6.30	138		38210	0.880	52.0	[53]
CaulerpaRacemosa Oil methyl ester( CROME)	1%	ultrasonic agitation for 60 min	6.55	144	−	39205	0.900	55.0	[53]
Rice bran biodiesel	−	−	6.31	137		38223	0.881	52.0	[177]
Rice bran biodiesel	1.30%	−	6.56	143	−	39243	0.911	54.0	[177]
Diesel		−		58		42000	0.815	47.0	[106]
	25 ppm	sonication for 30 min	−	63	−	42342	0.819	48.4
	50 ppm	sonication for 30 min	−	67	−	42657	0.823	49.6
Pongamia biodiesel blends- B20	−	−	3.40	81		41600	0.859	51.4	[51]
	0.50%	−	3.47	81	−	41670	0.862	51.8
	1.00%	−	3.55	81	−	41690	0.871	52.5
	1.50%	−	3.63	81	−	41690	0.880	53.1
Rice bran methyl ester	−	−	6.32	138		38123	0.882	52.0	[178]
Rice bran methyl ester	2%	−	6.55	144	−	39143	0.910	55.0	[178]
Mahua oil methyl ester	−	−	5.97	136		37147		52.0	[109]
Mahua oil methyl ester	1%	sonication for 60 min	5.45	143	−	38543	−	55.0	[109]
chicken fat methyl ester-CFB10	−	−	2.81	80	85	42742	0.844	47.2	[103]
	50 ppm	50–60 kHz , and 1 kW for 10–40 min	2.85	78	82	43002	0.844	49.2
	100 ppm		2.89	77	81	43319	0.845	50.5
	150 ppm		2.95	78	82	43205	0.846	52.0
chicken fat methyl ester-CFB20	−	−	3.05	89	94	42485	0.848	48.4
	50 ppm	50–60 kHz , and 1 kW for 10–40 min	3.09	87	92	42761	0.848	50.3
	100 ppm		3.13	85	90	43059	0.849	51.7
	150 ppm		3.18	86	91	42980	0.849	53.4
chicken fat methyl ester-CFB30	−	−	3.29	98	103	42228	0.851	49.5
	50 ppm	50–60 kHz , and 1 kW for 10–40 min	3.33	94	101	42502	0.851	51.4
	100 ppm		3.37	91	97	42798	0.852	52.8
	150 ppm		3.54	93	98	42719	0.853	54.6
Methyl Esters of Mustard Oil	−	−	6.22	140		38147	0.878	50.0	[179]
Methyl Esters of Mustard Oil	1%	−	6.45	143	−	39227	0.922	54.0	[179]
pongamia methyl ester-PME20	−	−	3.50	76	−	41580	0.843	49.0	[180]
	50 ppm	40 kHz and 120w for 60 minutes	3.70	48	−	42258	0.846	55.0
	100 ppm	40 kHz and 120w for 60 minutes	4.10	52	−	42631	0.848	56.0
Diesel	−	−	3.50	58		42929	0.816	51.0	[104]
	30	40 kHz and 240 W for 40 min	3.60	63		43442	0.817	55.3
	60		3.70	34		43657	0.821	55.9
	90		3.80	67		43729	0.823	56.4
chicken fat methyl ester- CFME20	−	−	3.05	89	94	42486	0.848	48.4	[87]
	50	Titanium horn probe and 20 kHz for 45 min	3.09	87	92	42762	0.848	50.3
	100		3.13	85	90	43059	0.848	51.7
	150		3.19	86	91	42980	0.849	53.4

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