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Table 1 The values of the constants used in the prediction equations for the local and the distortional buckling mode using DSM obtained using imperial units

From: Optimization of cold-formed lipped C-section under bending using prediction equations as objective functions

Design method

K

N

P

Q

S

U

V

Average error %

Maximum error %

Local buckling

 − 187.4

20

1.135

85.2

0.66

10.1

1.6

7

15

Distortional buckling

 − 182

6.6

1.5

132

0.39

11.8

2.6

4

14