From: Optimization of cold-formed lipped C-section under bending using prediction equations as objective functions
Design method
K
N
P
Q
S
U
V
Average error %
Maximum error %
Local buckling
− 187.4
20
1.135
85.2
0.66
10.1
1.6
7
15
Distortional buckling
− 182
6.6
1.5
132
0.39
11.8
2.6
4
14