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Table 2 Shift in spatial appropriation of co-working spaces in Cairo. Source: elaboration by the authors

From: Space-time mapping of co-working spaces in Cairo: shifting paradigms from openness to technologically controlled spaces

 

1st Wave (2011)

2nd Wave (2015)

Spatial appropriation

Bottom–up

With proximity to universities within the City of Cairo.

Inside residential apartment buildings.

Top–down

Extended to new satellite cities, not necessarily close to universities.

Occupying more prime locations within complex office buildings and business parks.