Table 1 Standard specifications for kerosene-type aviation turbine fuel (Jet A-1) [3,4,5]

Visual appearance

Clear, bright, and visually free from solid matter and un-dissolved water at ambient fuel temperature

Total acidity, mg KOH/g

0.015 max.

Sulphur, total, % m/m

0.30 max.

Sulphur, mercaptan, % m/m

0.0030 max.

End point, °C

300 max.

Flash point, °C

38 min.

Density at 15°C, kg/m³

775.0 to 840.0

Freezing point, °C

−47 max.

Specific energy, net, MJ/kg

42.80 min.

Smoke point, mm

25 min.

Aromatics, % v/v.

25 max.